The Southern African Customs Union (SACU), the world’s oldest customs union, traces its origins to the 1889 Customs Union Convention between the Cape Colony and the Orange Free State. A new agreement signed in 1910 expanded membership to the Union of South Africa and the British High Commission Territories: Basutoland (Lesotho), Bechuanaland (Botswana), and Swaziland, while South West Africa (Namibia) participated de facto as it was administered by South Africa until later becoming a full member. SACU’s core purpose has long been to foster economic development and strengthen regional integration through coordinated trade policies.

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